[2] See Yves Simon, The Tradition of Natural Law: A Philosopher's Reflections (New York: Fordham University Press, 1965); John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Right (New York: Oxford, 1980); Heinrich Rommen, The Natural Law: A Study in Legal and Social History and Philosophy, Translated by Thomas R. Hanley (St. Louis: B. Herder, 1947); Javier Hervada, Natural Right and Natural Law: A Critical Introduction (Pamplona: University of Navarra, 1987); Michael Bertram Crowe, The Changing Profile of the Natural Law (The Hague: Matrinus Nijhoff, 1977); Henry Veatch, Human Rights: Fact or Fancy? (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985); Russell Hittinger, A Critique of the New Natural Law Theory (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987); Ernest Bloch, Natural Law and Human Dignity, Translated by Dennis J. Schmidt (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986); Natural Law and Modern Society (Cleveland: World, 1963); Paul Sigmund, Natural Law in Political Thought (Cambridge: Winthrop, 1971); Light on Natural Law, Edited by Illud Evans (Baltimore: Helicon, 1965); E. B. F. Midgley, Natural Law and International Relations (London: Elek, 1975); Jacques Maritain, The Rights of Man and Natural Law (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986); Peter J. Stanlis, Edmund Burke and the Natural Law (Shreveport, LA.: Huntington House, 1987). The two journals The American Journal of Jurisprudence and Vera Lex (Natural Law Society: An International Review on a Global Issue) are both concerned with natural law questions.

[3] Edward S. Corwin, The "Higher Law" Background of American Constitutional Law (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1955).

[4] Jerome J. Shestack, "There's Nothing Alien about Natural Right," The Wall Street Journal, September 6, 1991.

[5] See James V. Schall, "Human Rights as an Ideological Project," American Journal of Jurisprudence, 32 (1987), 47-61; "Second Thoughts on Natural Rights," Faith & Reason, 1 (Winter, 1975-76), 44-59.

[6] "A natural inclination exists in each human being to the end that he acts according to reason." Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I-II, 94, 3.

[7] Charles Schulz, Could You Be More Pacific? (New York: Topper Books, 1991).

[8] See Herbert Deane, The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine (New York: Columbia, 1965); William R. Stevenson, Christian Love and Just War: Moral Paradox and Political Life in St. Augustine and His Modern Interpreters (Macon, GA.: Mercer University Press, 1987); Christopher Dawson, "St. Augustine and His Age," St. Augustine (New York: Meridian, 1957); James V. Schall, "St. Augustine and Christian Political Theory," The Politics of Heaven and Hell: Christian Themes from Classical, Medieval, and Modern Political Philosophy (Lanham, MD.: University Press of America, 1984), pp. 39-66.

[9] Brendan F. Brown, The Natural Law Reader (Docket Series #13; New York: Oceana Publications, 1960), pp. vi-vii.

[10] Ibid., p. v.

[11] Ellis Sandoz, A Government of Laws: Political Theory, Religion, and the American Founding (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990); Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free Press, 1991); Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (New York: The Free Press, 1990).

[12] Hadley Arkes, Beyond the Constitution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 17.

[13] Paul Johnson, "Is Totalitarianism Dead?" Crisis, 7 (February, 1989), 9-17.

[14] Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), pp. 9-80; Eric Voegelin, The New Science of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952).

[15] Arkes, ibid., p. 15. See also Thomas E. Baker and James E. Viator, "Not Another Law Course: A Proposal to Teach a Course on the Constitution," Iowa Law Review, 76 (May, 1991), 739-61; Charles N. R. McCoy, The Structure of Political Thought (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), pp. 29-72..

[16] Gertrude Himmelfarb, "Of Heroes, Villains, and Valets," Commentary, 91 (June, 1991), 24.

[17] Dana Fradon, The New Yorker, May 20, 1991.

[18] See Maritain, ibid. and Finnis, ibid. (in Footnote #2).

[19] Alexander Passerin d'Entreves, Natural Law" An Historical Survey (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965), p. 9.

[20] Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981), p. 67.

[21] See Leo Strauss, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Genesis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952).

[22] Ed Fisher, The New Yorker, March 25, 1991.

[23] Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (New York: The Free Press, 1990), p. 14. See also Maurice Cranston, What Are Human Rights? (New York: Taplinger, 1973).

[24] See James V. Schall, "The All-Caring State," Religion, Wealth, and Poverty (Vancouver, B. C.: Fraser Institute, 1990), pp. 25-30.

[25] It can be noted that in Centesimus Annus, John Paul II did not use the term "natural law" but exclusively used "rights talk." The European Bishops, at their Synod in 1991 did use the expression "natural law," interestingly when they referred to anti-Semitism: "After the terrible Shoah of our century, for which the church feels a profound grief, new attempts have to be made to acknowledge Judaism more profoundly, rejecting all forms of anti-Semitism, which are contrary to both the Gospel and natural law." Final Declaration, #8, L'Osservatore Romano, English, 23-30 December, 1991, p. 13.

[26] John Paul II, Centesimus Annus (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1991). See A New Worldly Order: John Paul II and Human Freedom (A Centesimus Annus Reader), Edited by George Weigel (Washington: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1991).

[27] See James V. Schall, "The Reality of Society according to St. Thomas," The Politics of Heaven and Hell, ibid., pp. 235-52.

[28] Josef Ratzinger, "In the Beginning...": A Catholic Understanding of the Story of Creation and the Fall, Translated by Boniface Ramsey (Huntington, IN.: Our Sunday Visitor Press, 1990), p. 79.

[29] Bernard Schwinbaum, The New Yorker, November 18, 1991.

[30] Ernest L. Fortin, "Church Activism in the 1980's: Politics in the Guise of Religion?" Religion and Politics, Edited by F. E. Baumann and K. N. Jensen (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1989), p. 49.

[31] Brown, ibid., p. 178.

[32] This sentence, no doubt, brings up the further question that we need to reflect on in the light of the limits of natural rights, namely, our relation to revelation itself. See James V. Schall, Reason, Revelation, and the Foundations of Political Philosophy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).

[33] A. P. d'Entreves, The Natural Law (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1951), p. 14.

[34] Harold R. McKinnon, The Higher Law, An Address Delivered Before the Conference of Federal Judges of the Ninth Circuit, at San Francisco, September 3, 1946 (Berkeley, CA.: The Gillick Press, 1946), p. 16.

[35] Christopher Dawson, "The Restoration of Natural Law," The Sword, May, 1946, Reprinted in The Dawson Newsletter, 9 (Fall, 1990), 14.

[36] Jacques Maritain, ""Natural Law," Man and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), p. 87. See also Maritain's The Rights of Man and the Natural Law (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986).

The following brief bibliography of earlier books on natural law thinking is worth recalling: 1) Heinrich Rommen, The Natural Law (St. Louis: B. Herder, 1946); 2) Natural Law and Society, Edited by John Cogley (Cleveland: World, 1956); 3) A. P. d'Entreves, Natural Law: An Historical Survey (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965); 4) Yves Simon, The Tradition of Natural Law: A Philosopher's Reflections, Edited by Vukan Kuic (New York: Fordham, 1965); Paul Sigmund, Natural Law in Political Thought (Cambridge, MA.: Winthrop, 1971); The Natural Law Reader, Edited by Brendan F. Brown (Dockett Series, #13; New York: Oceana, 1960); Michael Bertram Crowe, The Changing Profile of the Natural Law (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977); Peter Stanlis, Edmund Burke and the Natural Law (Shreveport, LA.: Huntington House, 1986); Iltud Evans, O. P., Light on the Natural Law (Baltimore: Helicon, 1965). See too the Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch, Natural Law and Human Dignity, Translated by Dennis J. Schmidt (Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press, 1986).

[37] Peter Mayle, A Year in Provençe (New York: Vintage, 1991), p. 102.

[38] Paul Johnson, "Is Totalitarianism Dead?" Crisis, 7 (February, 1989), 9-16.

[39] Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, Edited by Ronald Berman (Washington: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1980), pp. 7-8.

[40] See James V. Schall, "On the Disappearance of Mercy from Political Theory," The Politics of Heaven and Hell: Christian Themes from Classical, Medieval, and Modern Political Philosophy (Lanham, MD.: University Press of America, 1984), pp. 253-78.

[41] C. S. Lewis, "A Play of Wit," from English Literature in the Sixteenth Century Excluding Drama, Vol. III of The Oxford History of English Literature (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1954), 167-71, in Utopia: A Collection of Critical Essays, Edited by William Nelson (New York: A Spectrum Book, 1968), p. 66.

[42] Ibid., p. 67.

[43] Ibid.

[44] Let me list here a basic, brief bibliography of studies on natural law: 1) Jacques Maritain, The Rights of Man and the Natural Law (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1986); 2) Heinrich A. Rommen, The Natural Law (St. Louis: B. Herder, 1946); 3) Yves Simon, The Tradition of Natural Law: A Philosopher's Reflections, Edited by Vukan Kuic (New York: Fordham University Press, 1965); 4) A. P. d'Entreves, The Natural Law: An Historical Survey (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1965); 5) John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Right (New York: Oxford, 1980); 6) Henry B. Veatch, Human Rights: Fact or Fancy? (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985); 7) Paul E. Sigmund, Natural Law in Political Thought (Cambridge, MA.: Winthrop, 1971); 8) Russell Hittinger, A Critique of the New Natural Law Theory (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987); 9) Michael Bertram Crowe, The Changing Profile of the Natural Law (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977); 10) Peter J. Stanlis, Edmund Burke and the Natural Law (Shreveport, LA.: Huntington House, 1986); 11) Javier Hervada, Natural Right and Natural Law: A Critical Introduction (Pamplona: University of Navarra, 1987); E. B. F. Midgley, The Natural Law Tradition and the Theory of International Relations (London: Paul Elek, 1975).

[45] See Ellis Sandoz, A Government of Laws: Political Theory, Religion, and the American Founding (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990); Hadley Arkes, Beyond the Constitution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).

[46] See James V. Schall, "Truth and the Open Society," Order, Freedom, and the Polity: Critical Essays on the Open Society, Edited by George W. Carey (Lanham, MD.: University Press of America, 1986), pp. 71-90; Charles E. Rice, "Some Reasons for a Restoration of Natural Law Jurisprudence," Social Justice Review, 81 (July/August, 1990), 125-41; Jay J. Aragones, "Beyond Bork and Brennan: Should Catholic Law Schools Teach Natural Law?" Crisis, 8 (November, 1990), 14-19..

[47] Two journals are particularly concerned with this topic: Vera Lex (Natural Law Society: An International Review), Pace University, Pleasantville, N. Y., 10570); The American Journal of Jurisprudence (formerly the Natural Law Review), University of Notre Dame, 46556.

See also "A Symposium on Natural Right and Natural Law," Modern Age, 28 (Spring/Summer, 1984), 220-46; Glenn N. Schram, "A Protestant Consideration of Natural Law," New Oxford Review, LVIII (November, 1991), 20-24; Carl Braaten, "Protestants and Natural Law," First Things, (#19, January, 1992), 20-26; James V. Schall, "On the Christian Statement of the Natural Law," Christianity and Politics (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1981), pp. 213-43; "Natural Law and the Law of Nations: Some Theoretical Considerations," Fordham International Law Journal, 15 (#4, 1991-92), 997-1030); "'On Being Dissatisfied with Compromises': Natural Law and Human Rights," Loyola Law Review, (New Orleans), XXXVIII (Summer, 1992), 289- 309.

[48] See Stanley Jaki, The Road of Science and the Ways to God (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).

[49] Leo Strauss, "Natural Law," Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, Edited by Thomas Pangle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), pp. 137-46.

[50] d'Entreves, ibid., p. 59.

[51] Ibid.,, p. 140. See also Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), pp. 161-64.

[52] See Charles N. R. McCoy, The Structure of Political Thought (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), pp. 64-72; 133-64.

[53] See Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Glencoe,IL.: The Free Press, 1958).

[54] Ibid.

[55] See James V. Schall, "A Latitude for Statesmanship?: Strauss on St. Thomas," The Review of Politics (53 (Winter, 1991), pp. 126-45.

[56] Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse (New York: The Free Press, 1991). See review of this book, James V. Schall, "The 'Wrongs' of Rights," Freedom Review, 23 (August, 1992), 50-52; also "Human Rights as an Ideological Project," The American Journal of Jurisprudence, 32 (1987), 47-62.

[57] See Heinrich A. Rommen, "Towards the Internationalization of Human Rights," World Justice, I (December, 1959), 147-73.

[58] Georgie Anne Geyer, "Suffering People Vs. Sovereignty of States," The Washington Times, August 21, 1992.

[59] This argument has been made by Reo M. Christenson, "Small States and Modern Man," Heresies: Right and Left (Lanham, MD.: University Press of America, 1973), pp. 63-66.

[60] John Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Right (New York: Oxford, 1980); Hadley Arkes, First Things: An Inquiry into the First Principles of Morals and Justice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. See also Natural Law, Edited by John Finnis, in The International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory (New York: New York University Press, 1992), Vols. I & II, and Germain Grisez, "A Critique of Russell Hittinger's Book, A Critique of the New Natural Law Theory," The New Scholasticism, LXII (Autumn, 1988), 438-65.

[61] Henry B. Veatch, Human Rights: Fact or Fancy? (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985); Russell Hittinger, A Critique of the New Natural Law Theory (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987).

Pertinent essays to this debate: Germain Grisez, Joseph Boyle and John Finnis, "Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends," The American Journal of Jurisprudence, 32 (1987), 99-152; Henry Veatch and Joseph Rautenberg, "Does the Grisez-Finnis-Boyle Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?" The Review of Metaphysics, 44 (June, 1991), 807-30); Ernest L. Fortin, "Natural Law and New Rights," The Review of Politics, 44 (October, 1982), 590-612; Robert P. George, "Recent Criticisms of Natural Law Theory," The University of Chicago Law Review, 55 (1988), 1371-1429.

[62] Veatch, ibid., p. 104.

[63] Hittinger, ibid., pp. 195-96.

[64] Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981).

[65] Arkes, ibid., p. 21.

[66] See the Symposium "Sacred and Secular Natural Law," Vera Lex, XI (#2, 1991); Frederick Crosson, "Religion and Natural Law," The American Journal of Jurisprudence, 33 (1988), 1-18.

[67] See Leo Strauss, The City and Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), p. 7.

[68] See James V. Schall, Reason, Revelation, and the Foundations of Political Philosophy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).

[69] See Frederick D. Wilhelmsen, "Faith and Reason," Modern Age, 29 (Winter, 1979), 25-32.

[70] Lord Hailsham of St. Marylebone, "Modern Reflections on the Natural Law," A Commemorative Lecture to the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Delivered at Grays Inns, London, October 19, 1978, p. 9. See also Yves Simon, The Freedom of Choice (New York: Fordham, 1987).

[71] St. Augustine, The Confessions, Book 9, Chapter 2, in Basic Writings of St. Augustine, Edited by Whitney J. Oates (New York: Random House, 1948), I, p. 129.

[72] Dorothy Sayers, The Man Born To Be King: A Play-Cycle on the Life of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1990), p. 15.

[73] Dorothy Sayers, The Mind of the Maker (New York: Meridian, 1956). See also her The Whimsical Christian: Eighteen Essays (New York: Macmillan, 1978).

[74] See also Darrell Dobbs' recent studies on Plato, "Choosing Justice: Socrates' Model City and the Practice of Dialectics," The American Political Science Review, 88 (June, 1994), 263-77; "The Piety of Thought in Plato's Republic," The American Political Science Review, 88 (September, 1994), 668-83.

[75] See James V. Schall, Religion, Wealth, and Poverty (Vancouver, B. C.: The Fraser Institute, 1990), pp. 149-170.